The Hindbrain Consists Of The

Part of the embryonic brain

Hindbrain
Diagram depicting the main subdivisions of the embryonic vertebrate brain. These regions volition later differentiate into forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain structures.
Scheme of the roof of the fourth ventricle.
Identifiers
MeSH	D012249
NeuroNames	540
NeuroLex ID	birnlex_942
TA98	A14.1.03.002
FMA	67687
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy [edit on Wikidata]

The hindbrain or rhombencephalon or lower encephalon ^[one] is a developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system in vertebrates. Information technology includes the medulla, pons, and cerebellum. Together they support vital bodily processes.^[2]

Metencephalon [edit]

Rhombomeres Rh3-Rh1 grade the metencephalon.

The metencephalon is composed of the pons and the cerebellum; information technology contains:

a portion of the fourth (IV) ventricle,
the trigeminal nervus (CN V),
abducens nerve (CN VI),
facial nerve (CN 7),
and a portion of the vestibulocochlear nervus (CN Viii).

Myelencephalon [edit]

Rhombomeres Rh8-Rh4 form the myelencephalon.

The myelencephalon forms the medulla oblongata in the adult brain; it contains:

a portion of the quaternary ventricle,
the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN Nine),
vagus nerve (CN X),
accompaniment nerve (CN 11),
hypoglossal nervus (CN XII),
and a portion of the vestibulocochlear nervus (CN VIII).

Evolution [edit]

The hindbrain is homologous to a role of the arthropod brain known as the sub-oesophageal ganglion, in terms of the genes that it expresses and its position in between the brain and the nerve cord.^[3] It has been suggested that the hindbrain starting time evolved in the Urbilaterian—the last mutual ancestor of chordates and arthropods—between 570 and 555 million years agone.^[3] ^[4]

Hindbrain diseases [edit]

A rare brain disease of the cerebellum is rhombencephalosynapsis characterized past an absent-minded or partially formed vermis. Symptoms can include truncal ataxia. The disorder is a master feature of Gomez-Lopez-Hernandez syndrome.

References [edit]

^ "Brain: Parts & functions (Fore, mid & hind)". Khan University . Retrieved v September 2022.
^ "Brain atlas - Hindbrain". Encephalon explorer. Lundbeck Institute. Archived from the original on April 10, 2015. Retrieved June 8, 2015.
^ ^a ^b Ghysen, Alain (1 December 2003). "The origin and evolution of the nervous system". International Journal of Developmental Biology. 47 (seven–eight): 555–562. PMID 14756331.
^ Haycock, Daniel E. (2011). Being and Perceiving. Manupod Press. p. 41. ISBN978-0-9569621-0-ii.

Farther reading [edit]

Ishak, Gisele E.; Dempsey, Jennifer C.; Shaw, Dennis Westward. Westward.; Tully, Hannah; Adam, Margaret P.; Sanchez-Lara, Pedro A.; Glass, Ian; Rue, Tessa C.; Millen, Kathleen J.; Dobyns, William B.; Doherty, Dan (May 2012). "Rhombencephalosynapsis: a hindbrain malformation associated with incomplete separation of midbrain and forebrain, hydrocephalus and a broad spectrum of severity". Brain. 135 (5): 1370–1386. doi:ten.1093/brain/aws065. PMC3338925. PMID 22451504.

Tully, Hannah M.; Dempsey, Jennifer C.; Ishak, Gisele East.; Adam, Margaret P.; Mink, Jonathan Due west.; Dobyns, William B.; Gospe, Sidney M.; Weiss, Avery; Phillips, James O.; Doherty, Dan (December 2013). "Persistent figure-eight and side-to-side head shaking is a marker for rhombencephalosynapsis: Persistent Head Shaking". Movement Disorders. 28 (14): 2019–2023. doi:10.1002/mds.25634. PMC5510988. PMID 24105968.

Poretti, Andrea; Alber, Fabienne Dietrich; Bürki, Sarah; Toelle, Sandra P.; Boltshauser, Eugen (January 2009). "Cognitive outcome in children with rhombencephalosynapsis". European Journal of Paediatric Neurology. 13 (1): 28–33. doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2008.02.005. PMID 18407532.

Bong, B; Stanko, H; Levine, R (July 2005). "Normal IQ in a 55-year-old with newly diagnosed rhombencephalosynapsis". Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. 20 (five): 613–621. doi:x.1016/j.acn.2005.02.003. PMID 15905069.

Paprocka, Justyna; Jamroz, Ewa; Ścieszka, Ewa; Kluczewska, Ewa (2012). "Isolated rhomboencephalosynapsis – a rare cerebellar anomaly". Polish Journal of Radiology. 77 (ane): 47–49. doi:10.12659/PJR.882587. PMC3389961. PMID 22802865.